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Individuals with ancestors born in Benderi (Moldova) during 1918-1940 may be eligible for both Moldovan and Romanian citizenship by ancestry. The process requires obtaining updated birth records (not Soviet certificates) from archives in Chisinau or Benderi, correcting any discrepancies, and preparing for language exams (B1 for Romanian, B2 for Moldovan, effective late 2025). Permanent residency by repatriation can be an option without language exams. Documents must be no older than 2 years. Be cautious of services falsely advertising 'repatriation' for Moldovan citizenship. Focus on the most direct ancestral line (e.g., a grandparent born in historical Bessarabia).

Obtaining Romanian citizenship by descent for individuals born in Moldova requires proving a direct lineage to a Romanian ancestor who possessed Romanian citizenship. Requirements have become stricter, especially for those born after 1991. Depending on the legal basis and the applicant's birth date, a Romanian language and constitution exam may be mandatory. The process can take over two years if applying through ancestry recognition. Consult the Romanian embassy for the most current and precise requirements.

When requesting a Certificate of No Criminal Record from Belarus for the Romanian National Citizenship Authority (ANC), it is generally sufficient to obtain a certificate that covers criminal convictions and administrative responsibilities without extensive detailing of minor administrative offenses (e.g., traffic fines). Romanian authorities typically do not require information on administrative offenses. In Moldova, similar certificates are issued without administrative offense data. When choosing the type of certificate, look for an option that provides comprehensive data on criminal records but omits detailed administrative infractions.

Individuals applying for Romanian citizenship by descent may be exempt from the Romanian language proficiency exam under specific conditions. If the applicant was born after July 4, 1991, and at least one parent holds Romanian citizenship, the language exam might not be required. This exemption is based on direct parental lineage and specific birth dates, overriding the general requirement for language proficiency. Consulting official sources or legal counsel is advised for precise eligibility.

The oath for Romanian citizenship is typically taken in Romania. While some консульства may facilitate certain preliminary steps, the final oath ceremony usually requires presence in Romania. Be prepared for a conversational check of your Romanian language skills, as fluency is often assessed, sometimes through video-recorded interviews. The process can be stringent, and rejection is possible if language proficiency is insufficient or other requirements are not met.

For Romanian citizenship applications (ANC), regarding birth certificates from the RSFSR, Russia, and Belarus, note that these countries are not part of the convention for multilingual documents. Therefore, apostille and notarized translation are likely required. Moldovan citizens can use a re-registered Moldovan civil status extract, but may still need the original Russian birth certificate for transcription. Birth certificates from Transnistria require legalization, possibly in Romania, and should be issued within the last two years. Consultancies like 'Just Consult' can provide specific guidance.